1. Origin, Make-up, and Molecular Architecture
1.1 All-natural Resource and Biochemical Profile
(Animal Protein Frothing Agent)
Pet protein-based frothing agents are acquired mostly from hydrolyzed keratin or collagen sourced from slaughterhouse by-products such as unguis, horns, bones, and hides.
With controlled alkaline or chemical hydrolysis, these architectural healthy proteins are broken down into amphiphilic polypeptides abundant in amino acids like glycine, proline, and hydroxyproline, which possess both hydrophilic (– NH TWO,– COOH) and hydrophobic (aliphatic side chains) functional groups.
This dual fondness allows the particles to adsorb efficiently at air– water interfaces during mechanical aeration, minimizing surface area stress and stabilizing bubble development– a crucial requirement for generating consistent cellular concrete.
Unlike artificial surfactants, pet protein lathering agents are biodegradable, safe, and show excellent compatibility with Portland concrete systems due to their ionic nature and modest pH buffering capability.
The molecular weight distribution of the hydrolysate– usually between 500 and 10,000 Da– straight affects foam security, drain rate, and bubble dimension, making procedure control throughout hydrolysis necessary for consistent performance.
1.2 Foam Generation Device and Microstructure Control
When watered down with water (generally at ratios of 1:20 to 1:30) and introduced right into a foam generator, the protein option develops a viscoelastic film around entrained air bubbles under high-shear conditions.
This movie stands up to coalescence and Ostwald ripening– the diffusion-driven development of bigger bubbles at the expenditure of smaller sized ones– by developing a mechanically robust interfacial layer strengthened through hydrogen bonding and electrostatic interactions.
The resulting foam displays high development proportions (commonly 15– 25:1) and low drain rates (
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