When talking about graphene, we should first mention the all-natural mineral graphite that is widely present in our every day life.
As an allotrope of carbon, graphite is a split product, and the carbon atoms inside graphite are arranged layer by layer. Carbon atoms in the very same layer “hold hands” and are closely connected, but the mix of carbon atoms in between different layers is loose, like a stack of playing cards. With a mild push, the cards will move apart.
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From the viewpoint of chemical framework, graphite is a transitional crystal in between atomic crystals, steel crystals and molecular crystals. In the crystal, carbon atoms in the exact same layer kind covalent bonds with sp2 hybridization, each carbon atom is connected to 3 various other carbon atoms, and six carbon atoms develop a routine hexagonal ring on the exact same airplane, stretching to develop a sheet structure.
If graphite is a stack of playing cards, then graphene is one of the cards in this stack of playing cards. Graphene is a two-dimensional product composed of a solitary layer of carbon atoms. Stacking graphene layer by layer is graphite. A 1 mm thick graphite consists of about 3 million layers of graphene.
Although graphene exists in nature, it is challenging to peel a single layer framework.
Greater than 20 years earlier, Andre Geim and Konstantin Novoselov, scientists at the University of Manchester in the UK, believed that there have to be a means to obtain a solitary layer of graphite.
Exactly how can a single layer of graphite be peeled off? Researchers took a really “simple and unrefined” technique – sticking it with tape.
“Just like when we compose a typo theoretically, we will certainly stick the typo with tape.” Based on this, scientists frankly link that if tape can stick to the surface of paper, can it additionally adhere to layers of graphite?
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In the experiment, scientists stuck both sides of pyrolytic graphite flakes to a special tape, and detached the tape, the graphite sheet was divided into 2. Although the density of graphite at this time is still much from that of a single layer of graphite, scientists have confirmed the usefulness of this technique – each time the tape is used, the graphite becomes thinner. By insisting on using this “mechanical peeling method” to repeat the procedure, they ultimately obtained a slim sheet containing just one layer of carbon atoms, which is graphene.
Nonetheless, this approach of consistently exfoliating graphite sheets with tape to get graphene has low manufacturing efficiency and can just be utilized to prepare micron-thick graphene, and can not be mass-produced industrially.
Later on, with the enhancement of scientific and technological degrees, the preparation method of graphene has additionally made excellent development. At present, along with this conventional physical and mechanical exfoliation approach, there are also numerous methods for preparing graphene, such as redox method, solvent peeling method, chemical vapor deposition, etc
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